[ENG] [Tech.] Proximity sensor

00. Definition of Proximity Sensor

A proximity sensor is a sensor that measures the distance to the surrounding environment and converts it into an electrical signal. Usually, distances are measured using principles such as light, ultrasonic waves, and infrared rays.

 

00. Types of Proximity Sensors

-Optical Proximity Sensor: A method of measuring distance using light

-Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor: A method of measuring distance using ultrasonic signals

-Infrared Proximity Sensor: A method of measuring distance using an infrared signal 00. Types of chips applied to proximity sensors -Optical proximity sensor: CCD, CMOS chip, etc.

-Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor: Ultrasonic Transmit/Receive Module

-Infrared proximity sensor: IR LED, IR receiving module

 

00. Application example of proximity sensor

-Smartphone: Applied for various purposes, such as turning off the screen during a phone call.

-Car: Applied to parking assistance systems, etc.

-Industrial robots: Applied to positioning of robots in automated production lines.

-Security system: Applied to control the opening and closing of doors.

-Medical field: Applied to patient health status monitoring, etc.

 

00. Development history of proximity sensors

Ultrasonic proximity sensors began to be applied in the 1950s.

Optical proximity sensors were developed in the 1970s, and their accuracy improved as CCD and CMOS technology advanced. Infrared proximity sensors have been used since the 1980s.

Recently, various sensor technologies such as ultrasonic, optical, and infrared sensors are being developed.

Relationship between proximity sensor and mobile phone Proximity sensor is applied to realize various functions such as turning off the screen of mobile phone.

Smartphone manufacturers are improving the user experience by improving proximity sensor technology.

Correlation between Proximity Sensors and Apple and Application Examples Apple uses proximity sensors to improve user experience. For example,

AirPods Pro's transparent mode uses a proximity sensor to allow users to hear environmental sounds.

Also, in the iPhone's design without a home button, a proximity sensor is used to implement a function that replaces the home button.

 

00. Development history of proximity sensors

Early 1970s: Introduction of ultrasonic proximity sensors

1980s: Introduction of infrared proximity sensors

1990s: Optical Proximity Sensors Appear

2000's: Advances in sensor chip technology improve sensor size and accuracy The evolution of proximity sensors has progressed through the development of different types of sensors used in various industries.

The first proximity sensors were developed in the late 19th century, and these sensors were primarily used for metal detection.

Later, in the early 20th century, capacitive sensors were introduced to improve measurement range and accuracy.

After that, infrared proximity sensors appeared, and it was possible to detect proximity in an optical way. Since then, proximity sensors have been used in various industries.

Proximity sensors in mobile phones mainly use infrared sensors.

This sensor provides the ability to automatically turn off the screen when the user holds the phone to their ear.

This feature plays a huge role in extending the phone's battery life and improving the user experience.

Recently, as the screen size of mobile phones has become larger, more accurate proximity detection is required. Accordingly, in addition to infrared sensors, various methods such as proximity sensors using ultrasonic waves are being developed.

 

00. Composition of Proximity Sensor A proximity sensor basically consists of the following components.

-Light Emitting Diode (LED): A light emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when electricity flows through it. In a proximity sensor, an LED illuminates a nearby target to measure distance.

-Receiver (Photo Detector): The receiver is a semiconductor device that detects light and converts it into an electrical signal.

Proximity sensor calculates the distance by measuring the time it takes for the light emitted by the LED to reflect and return to the receiver.

-Transmit/receive circuit: The transmit/receive circuit that controls the LED and receiver controls the operation of the proximity sensor and processes the signal to measure the distance.

-Lens: The lens focuses the light from the LED and shoots it at a nearby target, or focuses the light coming from the receiver and sends it to the receiver.

The main materials and components used in proximity sensors are as follows.

-Semiconductor device: The diode (LED) and receiver used in the proximity sensor are semiconductor devices.

These are mainly made of silicon, and dopant (doping agent) is added as an additive for operation.

-Optical material: In the proximity sensor, a lens is used to focus the light. These lenses are mainly made of plastic and may contain organic optical materials to increase the refractive index.

-Circuit material: Most of the circuit materials used in proximity sensors are copper or aluminum.

They are used to transmit and process electrical signals.

00. Development history of proximity sensors (added) In the history of proximity sensors, it is known that ultrasonic sensors first appeared. In the early 1950's,

American Standard developed a proximity sensor using ultrasonic technology. Since then, proximity sensors have gradually developed into various forms and principles.

Since the 1990s, optical proximity sensors have been developed.

These proximity sensors use a light emitting diode (LED) and a photo diode to measure the distance to the target.

Optical proximity sensors have relatively high accuracy and fast response speed, so they are widely used in industrial robots and automated factories. Proximity sensors in mobile phones mostly use optical proximity sensors. In devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs, the proximity sensor does not operate while the screen is on, and when an object (eg ear or finger) that covers the screen approaches, the proximity sensor activates and automatically turns off the screen.

This extends battery life and increases user convenience by preventing unnecessary touches. In addition, the proximity sensor of a mobile phone is used not only for distance measurement, but also for various purposes such as white balance adjustment.

For example, white balance is a function that corrects the color appropriately according to the color temperature of the object to be photographed.

In the development process of proximity sensors, various sensor technologies such as ultrasonic, infrared, radar, and lidar have been developed, greatly improving the accuracy and usability of proximity sensors. These technological advances are promoting the utilization and development of proximity sensor technology in various fields such as the automobile industry, industrial robots and automation systems, and smartphones and mobile devices. In particular, mobile devices such as smartphones use proximity sensor technology to provide various functions. In addition, infrared technology is mainly used in smartphones, and it provides various functions such as a remote control function or a function to turn off an always-on screen.

Recently, a technology for detecting proximity using LEDs instead of infrared rays has been developed, which has the advantage of using less power and detecting proximity more quickly. In this way, proximity sensors are being used in various fields, and further development of various technologies using them is expected.

 

00. Relation between Proximity Sensor and Mobile Phone

Proximity sensor is essential to realize various functions of smart phone.

It is used to implement functions such as screen auto rotation, call end, and object.

 

00. iPhone's proximity sensor

Apple applies an optical proximity sensor to the iPhone to prevent the screen from automatically turning on. In addition, proximity sensor is used for call termination and air injection, etc.

Proximity sensor of iPhone consists of front camera and proximity sensor module.

Implement a feature that turns off the screen when the user brings their face closer and turns it back on when they move away. Also, if the proximity sensor is detected during a call, the screen turns off and the call ends.

Apple is using proximity sensors to improve the user experience. For example, AirPods Pro's transparent mode uses a proximity sensor to allow users to hear environmental sounds.

Also, in the iPhone's design without a home button, a proximity sensor is used to implement a function that replaces the home button.

 

00. Types of chips applied to proximity sensors

-CCD: Abbreviation of Charge

-Coupled Device, used for optical proximity sensors.

-CMOS: Abbreviation for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, used for optical proximity sensors and cameras.

-Ultrasonic transmission/reception module: Used for ultrasonic proximity sensors. -IR LED: LED used for infrared proximity sensor.

-IR receiving module: used for infrared proximity sensor. The iPhone's proximity sensor is located on the top of the front, and consists of an infrared LED and photodiode next to the speaker. When receiving a call or reading a text message, the screen is turned off and the call is ended when the proximity sensor is close to the user's ear. Proximity sensors are also used when using face recognition.

 

00. Proximity sensor and future development direction

Improving sensor size and accuracy: Advances in chip technology are improving sensor size and accuracy.

Improving the distance measurement range: A sensor with a larger distance measurement range is developed.

Combined with Artificial Intelligence: Using artificial intelligence technology, the sensor's ability to recognize patterns is improved.

Proximity sensors are highly likely to be applied to various fields in combination with IoT technology.

For example, in a smart home, proximity sensors can be used to implement presence detection to enhance security systems.

In addition, in self-driving cars, proximity sensors can be used to detect the environment around the vehicle and implement a function to prevent collisions.

 

00. Application direction of proximity sensor in Apple

Apple uses proximity sensors in a variety of products and services. The iPhone uses the proximity sensor to automatically turn the screen off and on, which can extend battery life. Also, the iPhone's Face ID uses proximity sensor technology.

It is a function that detects and recognizes the distance from the user's face, providing user convenience while enhancing security.

The Apple Watch also utilizes a proximity sensor to recognize motions such as flicking the arm and provide gesture control. Proximity sensors also play an important role in Apple's AR (augmented reality) technology.

It becomes possible to detect the surrounding environment by utilizing the proximity sensor and provide augmented reality content suitable for it.

Direction of future development of proximity sensor The direction of development of proximity sensor is expected to provide various functions through convergence with recognition function.

For example, by converging distance detection and human body detection, it can contribute to the development of autonomous driving technology that enables car brakes and steering wheel control. In addition, it is expected that it will be possible to increase the accuracy and speed of recognition functions through the convergence of proximity sensors and artificial intelligence technologies.

In addition, convergence with the human body detection function is expected to enable applications in the health care field. For example, sleep monitoring function, etc. Finally, applications in the field of industrial robots and automation are also expected. It is expected that it will be possible for robots to sense and manipulate the environment by utilizing proximity sensors.

Most of the proximity sensors Apple uses are movable laser sensors.

This sensor fires a laser from the front of the sensor and measures the distance to the object by catching the laser reflected from the object.

This allows us to measure how far away the user is from their smartphone. These sensors use optical elements, a emitter and a receiver.

The light emitter generates the laser beam emitted by the sensor, and the light receiver captures the light beam collected by the sensor.

Because this beam is created as a laser beam, it emits a higher intensity than normal light.

Apple uses a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) or time-of-flight (ToF) sensor as a sensor chip that includes these optical elements. The VCSEL uses a high-performance laser diode to emit light, and the ToF sensor calculates distance by measuring the time of arrival of the reflected laser.

Apple is mainly applying these proximity sensors to mobile devices such as the iPhone series and the iPad series, Recently, it is also used in ARKit, a new AR (augmented reality) platform. In addition, the Apple Watch is also implementing functions such as automatically turning the screen on and off using a proximity sensor.

The VCSEL used by Apple uses a tiny laser diode to emit light. This provides fast response and high reliability.

VCSEL is used in various Apple products and services, such as Face ID and Portrait mode, as well as proximity sensors. In addition, Apple is actively utilizing ToF (Time of Flight) technology along with proximity sensors.

ToF is a technology that shoots light emitted by lasers or LEDs at an object and collects the reflected light again by a sensor to measure distance.

This is applied in various industries, and Apple is also using it not only in proximity sensors but also in new AR (augmented reality) technology.

Proximity sensor chips used by Apple are directly integrated and used in A-series chips or M-series chips.

This allows for more efficient data processing and management of sensors.

Also, more recently, chips integrating infrared cameras and optical image stabilization (OIS) technology along with proximity sensors have been released. Apple's proximity sensor technology is updated every year, introducing new sensor technologies that provide high accuracy and responsiveness. In recent years, various technologies such as infrared cameras and optical image stabilization (OIS) have been integrated to provide a better user experience.

Apple's proximity sensor technology is upgraded each year with each new iPhone model release.

Also, recently, Apple is developing and releasing a new technology using a proximity sensor.

For example, the iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max have a new proximity sensor called LiDAR Scanner.

It can precisely measure the distance to an object by shooting rays using ToF (Time of Flight) technology, and can be used for various purposes such as AR (Augmented Reality) content production or more accurate focus adjustment. Apple actively utilizes proximity sensors and is constantly improving sensor technology to provide more accurate and faster recognition and a variety of new features.

Apple is also expected to further advance its sensor technology in the future, launching new innovative products and services. There are a number of features that Apple offers using proximity sensors.

For example, the iPhone provides the following features.

-Proximity Sensor: iPhone's Proximity Sensor turns off the screen when it's close to your face or other object. This function serves to extend battery life when making only voice calls without using the screen, such as phone calls or FaceTime.

-Face ID: iPhone X and later models use Face ID to provide face recognition.

This function performs 3D face scan and face recognition using hardware such as proximity sensor, TrueDepth camera, IR camera, and IR emitter. This provides a highly secure face recognition lock function.

-Portrait Mode: iPhone's Portrait Mode is one of the photo idea features. It provides the effect of blurring the background by using the camera's proximity sensor to measure the distance to the subject.

-LiDAR Scanner: Some of the newer iPhone models come equipped with a LiDAR scanner. This technology can be used for 3D modeling or AR content creation by shooting light rays and precisely measuring the distance to an object. Apple is focusing on using proximity sensors to provide a more accurate and convenient user experience. In the future, it is highly likely that new products and services will be launched using more advanced proximity sensor technology. Apple is conducting various research and development to actively utilize the proximity sensor.

For example, Apple is developing a technology that can be used for AR content creation by combining proximity sensor and LiDAR scanner technology. Through this, users are expected to enjoy a more realistic AR experience. In addition, Apple is developing technology that enhances security by utilizing proximity sensors.

For example, the iPhone's Face ID technology has recently been upgraded to enable facial recognition even while wearing a mask.

To this end, we developed a technology that can accurately recognize a face wearing a mask by using a proximity sensor, TrueDepth camera, and machine learning technology. In addition, Apple is researching a technology that can collect and utilize more accurate location information and environmental information by combining various sensor technologies with proximity sensors.

For example, in the recently released Apple Watch Series 7, sensor technology has been upgraded to more accurately measure various athletic activities, such as cycling or push-ups.

Apple provides more innovative and convenient products and services by combining various hardware and software technologies, including proximity sensors. We plan to provide higher value to users by using more advanced technology. Among the proximity sensor chips used by Apple, the representative one is the 'VCSEL (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) chip'. VCSEL chips are used in various features such as Face ID and Animoji, along with proximity sensors. 00. Proximity sensor applied product from Apple -Cellphone: Apple's iPhone has a proximity sensor built into the front.

This sensor automatically turns on the screen when a call or message is received, allowing the user to view information without lifting the phone. Also, the screen is turned off while making or receiving a call, which is designed to turn off the screen when the proximity sensor detects when the user's ear is close to the phone.

-AirPods: Apple's AirPods use a proximity sensor to detect whether or not the user is wearing the AirPods in their ears.

It automatically pauses playback when you take the AirPods out of your ears, and resumes playback automatically when you put them back in your ears. It works by using a proximity sensor to detect the distance between the AirPods and the user's ears.

-Apple Watch: Apple's smart watch, the Apple Watch, is also applying a proximity sensor. When the Apple Watch is worn on the wrist, the proximity sensor can be used to automatically turn the screen on or off. Also, when the user takes off the Apple Watch, it automatically enters lock mode. It works by using a proximity sensor to detect the distance between your Apple Watch and your wrist.

 

00. Types of chips applied to proximity sensors

The types of chips applied to proximity sensors include Intel's RealSense, ST Microelectronics' VL53L0, and Panasonic's AMG8833. Intel's RealSense can perform a variety of functions, including proximity sensors as well as 3D cameras.

ST Microelectronics' VL53L0 is a microchip that is suitable for small electronic devices.

Panasonic's AMG8833 is a thermal camera module that is used in areas such as human body detection.

The VCSEL chip is an element that emits light through high-frequency current, acting as a transmitter in the sensor.

This device is fabricated with high precision and forms a flat light source by emitting light traveling in a longitudinal direction.

The light source formed in this way is reflected from the sensor and returned to the receiver. The sensor analyzes the received light and measures the distance to the object. VCSEL chips have advantages such as high precision, small size, and high luminous efficiency, making them very useful in technologies such as proximity sensors and Face ID.

Apple plans to apply VCSEL chips to more products and services in the future. To this end, Apple has entered into a contract with a manufacturer that produces VCSEL chips, and is conducting research to develop more advanced VCSEL chips. Apple products with VCSEL technology are more precise and have higher functionality, and play a big role in improving the performance of Apple products. Apple is launching various products and services using VCSEL chips.

For example, the VCSEL chip plays a major role in iPhone's Face ID. Face ID is a facial recognition technology that provides the ability to recognize and unlock or authenticate a user's face.

The VCSEL chip is one of the key elements used in this technology, and recognizes the user's face through 3D mapping by illuminating the face. Also, VCSEL chips are used to implement new features such as Animoji. Animoji are emoticons created using motion capture technology that mimic the user's facial expressions and movements.

The VCSEL chip can reflect light on the user's face and 3D map it to implement functions such as Animoji.

VCSEL chips will also be utilized in other products and services from Apple.

For example, VCSEL chips are also expected to be used in next-generation products such as the Apple Watch and AirPods.

VCSEL chips can also be utilized in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies. As such, the VCSEL chip is one of the elements that play a very important role in Apple products and services. Apple plans to further develop VCSEL chips to release more precise and high-performance products, and will continue to develop new technologies and services using VCSEL chips.

Apple's proximity sensor product name is 'TrueDepth Camera', and it is used in iPhone and iPad Pro released after iPhone X. TrueDepth Camera uses an optical laser emission module and an optical receiver module to measure the distance and recognize the user's face.

To this end, Apple is using VCSEL (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) technology to produce laser light-emitting diodes. Apple is also using proximity sensors in its recently released AirTags. AirTag is designed to enable accurate location tracking using the U1 chip and proximity sensor. To do this, Apple is using Ultra-Wideband technology, and location information can be verified through the 'Where is' app used with the AirTag. Apple also used proximity sensors when it released HomePod, an artificial intelligence speaker in 2017.

The HomePod has a touch feedback feature that only works when the user approaches or touches it, and a proximity sensor is used for this purpose.

Apple's active use of proximity sensors is part of its efforts to increase product usability and improve customer experience. Apple also plays a big role in increasing the safety of its products by using proximity sensors.

For example, when using earphones, a proximity sensor is applied to automatically pause playback when the earphones are removed, ensuring safety while driving. Apple's active use of proximity sensors is affecting other companies as well. Recently, many functions using proximity sensors are being added in the smartphone market. For example, some smartphones provide a function to automatically turn off the screen when you cover the screen with your finger. This follows Apple's use of the proximity sensor on the iPhone.

Proximity sensors are used not only by Apple but also by other companies, and are expected to be used in more diverse fields with more advanced technologies in the future. Apple is actively using proximity sensors in various products and services. In the case of the iPhone, it provides functions such as automatically turning off the screen using the proximity sensor or enabling a call to proceed without taking the screen off using the proximity sensor when receiving a call.

The Apple Watch also has a built-in proximity sensor. The Apple Watch uses the proximity sensor to turn on the screen when you raise your wrist and turn it off when you lower it, and you can use the proximity sensor to measure your heart rate during exercise. In addition, Apple is applying proximity sensors to various products and services, and is developing more advanced proximity sensor technology in cooperation with various companies that research proximity sensors. For example, companies that Apple is researching proximity sensors include STMicroelectronics, Broadcom, and AMS. Among them, STMicroelectronics produces a proximity sensor called VL53L0X, and this sensor is applied to various products such as Apple Watch.

AMS produces a proximity sensor called TMD27713, and this sensor is applied to various products such as iPhone.

In addition to this, Apple is developing proximity sensor technology in cooperation with various companies, and is expected to release products and services that apply more advanced proximity sensor technology in the future. 00. Conclusion Proximity sensors are used in various fields and are actively used by large IT companies such as Apple. In the future, proximity sensors are expected to provide various functions through convergence with recognition functions, and are expected to have more sophisticated recognition functions along with the development of artificial intelligence technology.

 

00. Related Patents and Ref. Cell Phone (iPhone)

-US Patent 9042468: "Proximity Sensor Calibration for Mobile Devices" (2015)

-US Patent 8599144: "Ambient Light and Proximity Sensor Assembly for Electronic Devices" (2013)

-US Patent 10072054: "Proximity Sensor Self-Test and Calibration" (2018) AirPods

-US Patent 10569355: "Use of Proximity Sensors for Proximity Detection of AirPods" (2020)

-US Patent 10825875: "Ear Detection Using Capacitive Sensing" (2020)

-US Patent 10915792: "Proximity Sensor Systems for Earbuds" (2021) Apple Watch

-US Patent 9804657: "Proximity and Multi-Touch Sensor Detection and Demodulation" (2017)

-US Patent 10221768: "Wrist Worn Proximity Sensor for Mobile Devices" (2019)

-US Patent 10938708: "Proximity Sensing for Wearable Devices" (2021) Proximity sensor (additional)

-US Patent No. 7,557,529: "Proximity detector in handheld device"

-US Patent No. 9,502,103: "Proximity and multi-touch sensor detection and demodulation"

-US Patent No. 8,082,523: "Proximity detector calibration" -US Patent No. 8,738,104: "Method and system for providing haptic feedback based on sensor input"

-US Patent No. 10,978,227: "Inductive proximity sensing"

-US Patent No. 10,971,185: "Electronic devices with proximity sensors for biometric security operations"

-US Patent No. 10,635,750: "Proximity sensor with increased sensitivity"

-US Patent No. 10,731,296: "Methods and systems for detecting contact with a device using a proximity sensor"

-US Patent No. 10,773,292: "Sensor-based control of a user interface"

-US Patent No. 10,942,219: "Proximity sensor sensitivity adjustment based on color temperature and/or illuminance level" -US Patent No. 10,987,878: "Sensor fusion using a proximity sensor and an ambient light sensor"

 

00. Related terms

- Proximity Detection: This means that the proximity sensor detects the distance to the target object.

-Optical Filter: The optical filter serves to filter light rays into a specific frequency band.

-Reflective Plate: It serves to return the light reflected from the target object to the sensor.

-IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor): The IR sensor uses infrared rays (IR) to measure the distance to the target object.

-Infrared (IR): Infrared (IR) is a ray belonging to a certain frequency band among electromagnetic waves invisible to the human eye.

-Transmittance: Transmittance means the rate at which light rays pass through an object.

-Frequency: Frequency means the number of waves repeated in a certain period of time.

-Emitter: The emitter plays a role in generating light.

-Receiver: The receiver plays the role of detecting light.

-Photoresistor (Glory Resistor): A photoresistor detects light and converts it into an electrical signal.

-Precision Proximity Sensor: A high-precision proximity sensor can measure distance more accurately than a general proximity sensor.

This is achieved through technological improvements that enable high-density infrared emission and detection.

-Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor: Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor is a sensor that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance to a target object. These sensors are typically used in automotive parking aids or robots.

-Electromagnetic Proximity Sensor (Inductive Proximity Sensor): An electromagnetic proximity sensor uses an electromagnetic field to measure the distance to a target object.

These sensors are typically used to detect metal or non-metal objects.

-Capacitive Proximity Sensor: A capacitive proximity sensor uses capacitance to measure the distance to a target object. These sensors are typically used to measure non-metallic objects.

-Optical Proximity Sensor: The optical proximity sensor uses an optical method to measure the distance to a target object. This sensor is generally used when detecting dark or transparent objects.

-Magnetic Proximity Sensor: A magnetic proximity sensor uses a magnetic field to measure the distance to a target object. These sensors are typically used in equipment that uses magnets.

-Reed Switch: An electrical switch actuated by a magnet, used in a proximity sensor to open or close an electrical circuit when the switch is placed near a magnet.

-Capacitive Sensor: A sensor that measures capacitance using an electrically charged plate and is used in interfaces such as touch screens.

-Hysteresis: As a term used in proximity sensors, it is a technology that allows the sensor to operate only when a certain threshold value is exceeded. This prevents errors in proximity sensors in an unstable state.

-Analog Proximity Sensor: A sensor that outputs an analog value when measuring proximity. In general, analog signals such as 010V and 420mA are output. -Digital Proximity Sensor: A sensor that outputs proximity as a binary digital value. In general, output methods such as NPN and PNP are used.

-Laser Sensor: A sensor that measures distance using light rays. A very precise distance measurement is possible using a laser beam.

-Ultrasonic Sensor: A sensor that measures distance using ultrasonic waves. It generates sound waves and measures the distance by receiving the reflected sound waves from the target again.

-Non-contact Proximity Sensor: A sensor that does not actually contact the target object when measuring proximity. It uses technologies such as infrared, ultrasound, and laser.

-Inductive Sensor: A sensor that detects proximity using a magnetic field generated by a metal object. It is mainly used for detecting metal objects.

-Infrared Sensor: A sensor that detects the proximity of an object using infrared rays. The infrared emitter emits infrared rays, and the infrared rays reflected from the target are detected by the receiver to determine proximity. 4

-Magnetic Sensor: A sensor that uses a magnetic field to detect proximity. When a magnetic field is detected, an electrical signal is generated in the magnetic sensor element inside the sensor to detect proximity. The detection range varies depending on the strength of the magnetic field, and is used to detect magnets or metal objects that generate magnetic fields.

-Object Recognition Sensor: The object recognition sensor uses various technologies such as camera, radar, and LIDAR to detect and recognize objects in the surrounding environment. This allows autonomous vehicles to drive safely by recognizing objects in their surroundings.